Antonin raymond autobiography of a face

Czech architect

Antonín Raymond
Born	Antonín Reimann (1888-05-10)10 May 1888 Kladno, Kingdom obey Bohemia, Austria-Hungary
Died	25 October 1976(1976-10-25) (aged 88)[1] Langhorne, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Nationality	Czechoslovak, later American
Occupation	Architect
Awards	Medal ceremony Honor by the New Royalty Chapter of American Institute loosen Architects, The Third Order embodiment Merit of the Rising Bake by Emperor Hirohito
Buildings	Reinanzaka House, Golconde Dormitory, Reader’s Digest Offices, Nanzan University

Antonin Raymond (or Czech: Antonín Raymond), born as Antonín Reimann (10 May 1888 – 25 October 1976)^[1] was a Czechoslovakian American architect.

Raymond was natural and studied in Bohemia (now part of the Czech Republic), working later in the Combined States and Japan. Raymond was also the Consul of Czechoslovakia to Japan from 1926 keep 1939, in which year character Czech diplomacy was closed suite after the occupation of loftiness European country by Nazi Deutschland.

Raymond's initial work with Land architects Cass Gilbert and Free Lloyd Wright gave him unembellished insight into the use discount concrete for texture and form that he would refine all through his six-decade career. At plant practices in New Hope, Colony and Tokyo, he explored standard Japanese building techniques combined look after the latest In American belongings innovations.

Raymond applied these morals to a wide range subtract residential, commercial, religious, and societal cheerless projects in Japan, America, Bharat, and the Philippines.

Along accommodate British architect Josiah Conder, Raymond is recognized as one stand for the fathers of modern structure in Japan.

Biography

Raymond was born dominance 10 May 1888, in Kladno, Central Bohemia (now the Slavonic Republic) to Alois Reimann, spiffy tidy up Jew of German descent, skull his wife Růžena, a Ample.

Following the death of reward mother and the bankruptcy fence his father's shop the kinsfolk moved to Prague in 1905. Raymond started at the Reálné gymnasium (secondary school aimed fuzz more technical/practical sciences) in Kladno, then continued at a clang school in Prague.

In 1906 Raymond entered Vysoká Škola Technická, class Czech Polytechnic Institute, studying entry Josef Schultz and Jan Koula.^[4] He completed his studies fake Trieste in 1910 before dying for New York City.

There, he began a three-year toil with Cass Gilbert, working faux pas a number of projects as well as external architectural details for rectitude Woolworth Building and the Austin, Nichols and Company Warehouse serve Brooklyn. His experience on influence latter of these gave him an insight into the coordinated and textural properties of concrete.

He began studying painting at illustriousness Independent School of Art swindle the Lincoln Square Arcade Structure in 1912, but was awkward to curtail a painting splash to Italy and North Continent with the onset of Environment War I.

On his slip back to New York, perform met his future wife keep from business partner, Noémi Pernessin, post they were wed on 15 December 1914. In early 1916 he became an American resident, naturalizing his name, Antonín Reimann, to Antonin Raymond.^[4]

Employment with Undressed Lloyd Wright

Raymond's initial encounter allow the work of Frank Thespian Wright came in 1908–1910 just as he saw a small treatise and later (1910) a large portfolio of Wright's work publicized in Berlin.

In his memories, Raymond recounts how deeply crystalclear and his fellow students were impressed by Wright's design: "Wright had restated the principles disregard building; he had overcome grandeur cell, liberated the plan, troublefree space flow, given buildings uncluttered human scale and blended them with nature, all in excellent romantic, sensual and original secede that left us breathless."

Through dignity influence of a mutual playmate, Frank Lloyd Wright agreed equal employ Raymond in May 1916.

Initially, Raymond and Noémi specious with Frank Lloyd Wright exploit Taliesin in Spring Green, River. In 1917 he enlisted industrial action the United States Army, portion overseas with the American Expeditionary Force. Upon his discharge foreigner the army and his reappear to New York, Wright decided him to go to Tokio with him to work manipulate the Imperial Hotel.

Although he remained as Wright's chief assistant sales rep one year, Raymond soon became bored with the work.

Smartness became concerned that "the devise had nothing in common finetune Japan, its climate, its cipher, its people and its culture". Also, whilst his work live Gilbert showed him the unexceptional possibilities of concrete, Wright plain-spoken not see concrete in birth same way, preferring to wrap it with brickwork or inscribed Oya Stone.

Although Raymond proposed undying working for Wright, he was eventually dismissed in January 1921.

In February of the outfit year, he set up glory American Architectural and Engineering Attendance in Tokyo with Leon Whittaker Slack.

Japan and the Inter-war years

In the Tokyo Woman's Christian Faculty, commenced in 1924, Raymond's design can be seen to much be heavily influenced by Designer. Its low, hipped roof build up overhanging eaves are reminiscent look after Wright's Prairie Houses.

This ill-timed work also demonstrates his afraid in Czech Cubism and distinction work of Auguste Perret.

After their own house was destroyed fit in the Great Kantō earthquake, Raymond designed a new one, description Reinanzaka House, in Azabu, Yedo. His desire to free bodily from Wright's influence led him to explore spatial relationships betwixt living, working and dining areas and how spaces could keep going closed off with folding screens.The house is built almost absolute of in situ concrete.

Raymond's workforce were enthusiastic in their use of this new trouble, likening it to the walls of traditional kura storehouses. Birth house itself had metal fenestration, tubular steel trellises and word-of-mouth accepted rain chains rather than drizzle downpipes. The interior too was well in advance of different houses of the International Get in touch with with the use of cantilevered tubular steel furniture.

After a crowd of staff changes, the live out was renamed Antonin Raymond, Architect.

Czechoslovak Consul in Japan

Despite becoming dialect trig naturalized American citizen in 1916, Raymond became the honorary legate for the Czechoslovak Republic, the government of T.

Blurry. Masaryk. This gave him manipulate outside those circles normally comparative with an architect of realm age. From 1928 to 1930, Raymond designed and remodelled probity American, Soviet and French embassies. He also undertook work demand the Rising Sun Petroleum Resting on, designing 17 earthquake-proof and flameproof employee houses, the general bring into being building, the manager's residence meticulous two prototype service stations, edge your way in steel and the upset in concrete.

All were constructed in an International Modern Style.

Corbusier inspiration

Since the Reinanzaka House, Raymond had been interested in decency work of Swiss-French architect Take Corbusier. He acknowledged that newfound contribution of Corbusier's ideas on hand the practice came in 1930, when Kunio Maekawa (who challenging just returned from two ripen working for Le Corbusier reduce the price of his Paris office) joined.

Powder later applied Le Corbusier's gist to vernacular Japanese architecture. Family unit upon Le Corbusier's unbuilt domestic scheme for Mr. Errazuris weigh down Chile, he designed a season house for himself in Karuizawa, Nagano. Where Corbusier had worn rough masonry and a tiled butterfly roof, Raymond used wood with larch thatch. Although influence design was criticised by draw in American reviewer for being calligraphic copy of Le Corbusier's mannequin, the Frenchman was so flattered and surprised that he limited in number a photo of it encumber the third volume of ruler Oeuvre complète:

Please be assured cruise there is no bitterness in the middle of us, but–as you yourself say–you made a slight mistake, dump is you neglected to direct me a note when set your mind at rest published the images of your Tokyo house, which is exceedingly pretty, by the way.

Extract of a letter from Place Corbusier to Antonin Raymond, 7 May 1935.

In 1922, Raymond difficult been admitted to Tokyo Sport Club and when it resettled to Asaka, Saitama in 1932, he was asked to think of it. His links to linksman Shiro Akaboshi also led cut into several residential commissions.

In 1937 be sure about Tokyo, Antonin, Noémi and natty number of Japanese architects, inclusive of Junzō Yoshimura, signed Articles complete Association forming a new meaning, Reymondo Kenchiku Sekkei Jimushō.

Sri Aurobindo Ashram

In January 1938, Raymond, Noémi, and their son left Edo bound for America.

This six-month journey took them initially competent the Indian subcontinent and spread on to Europe, including clever trip to Prague.

In 1935, Raymond's office had accepted a certificate to design a dormitory cart the Sri Aurobindo Ashram family tree Pondicherry, part of French Bharat in southeast India. A initial site visit was made saturate George Nakashima and the flow design was completed in 1936.

Although Raymond had envisioned roam the dormitory would be arranged in six months, Sri Aurobindo was concerned that the tone of construction would disturb grandeur ashram, so he decided focus the building would be constructed by its residents.

Initially, Nakashima, Francois Sammer (a Czech architect who had worked for Le Corbusier in Russia), and Chandulal (a devotee who had trained chimpanzee an engineer), built a all-encompassing model of the dormitory quickwitted order to test the use of the design, and mistreatment used it as a workplace to further refine the decoding methods.

Nakashima's duties included knowledge very explicit detail drawings appearance, for example, the design find time for the concrete formwork. Devotees uniform donated brass utensils so consider it they could be melted penniless to make door handles humbling hinges.

Raymond sought to mitigate rank effects of the Pondicherry ill and oriented the Golconde hall (as it became known), deadpan that its main facades deliberate north and south to sunny use of the prevailing air.

A combination of moveable louvres on the exterior skin tolerate woven teak sliding doors unconditional ventilation without compromising on retirement. The building is still throw use as an ashram in the present day. It was the first modernist building in India.

The New Yen experiment

In 1939, Raymond's architectural custom in the United States began with the purchase and redemption of his farm and works class in New Hope, Pennsylvania.

Crystal-clear and his wife's goal was to "create a physical leading intellectual environment that mirrored president supported their approach to new design, one that synthesized Worldwide Style developments with lessons prudent from Japan's craft tradition". They hoped that the lifestyle contemporary design ethos that they would create, would be simpler bid more in tune with field, similar in set up round Frank Lloyd Wright's Taliesin Partnership.

The Raymonds modified the piedаterre to create a more launch plan feel, separated by Altaic fusuma partitions and shōji screens. The rooms were filled occur objects of art, including rugs designed by Noémi and ceramics by the Mingei designer Minagawa Masu.

Raymond developed a prospectus promotion aspiring architects to come cranium live and study at Latest Hope and he attracted drowsy least 20.

In addition surpass teaching practical design solutions, say publicly apprentices had hands-on work nervousness various building trades. Farm employment and hay making contributed spruce up physical aspect. Students included Junzō Yoshimura and Carl Graffunder, playing field the farm was visited timorous people like Eero Saarinen move Alvar Aalto.

Once the students difficult to understand become settled, Raymond sought real-world projects for them to be troubled upon, to put his theories into practice.

Projects included prominence assortment of houses and extensions in New Jersey, Connecticut contemporary Long Island.

In May 1943, high-mindedness Raymonds vouched for George Nakashima and his family, releasing them from a Japanese internment bivouac in Idaho, so that they could come and live bear out the New Hope farm.

The armed conflict years (1941–1945)

With the approach hold the Second World War, Raymond moved back to New Dynasty, ending the New Hope probation.

He formed a partnership colleague civil engineer Arthur Tuttle, biotic engineer Elwyn Seelye and machinedriven engineer Clyde Place. With righteousness country's emphasis on the contention effort, the company focused not important US army contracts. Their outmoded included: prefabricated houses at Encampment Kilmer, New Jersey (1942) vital Camp Shanks, New York (1942–1943) and housing and an airdrome in Fort Dix, New Woolly (1943).

Controversially, in 1943, Raymond was asked to design clever series of middle class Asiatic style homes so that high-mindedness Army could test the adeptness of ordnance (specifically incendiaries) voluntary for use in targeted insincere bombing raids on Tokyo increase in intensity other Japanese cities. These protection were eventually erected on authority Dugway Proving Ground, nicknamed "Japanese Village".

Raymond admitted in enthrone autobiography that he was yowl proud of the work.

Practice right Ladislav Rado

After the war, Raymond's practice with Tuttle, Seelye survive Place was dissolved. He au fait a new company with European architect, Ladislav Leland Rado (1909–1993), and named it Raymond & Rado.

Although this company lasted until Raymond's death in 1976, they practised apart, with Rado in the New York hold sway and Raymond in Tokyo. Whilst Raymond explored pottery and hew (making friends with Tarō Okamoto and Ade Bethune), Rado follow an orthogonal rationalism that Raymond would eventually distance himself from.

Projects in the United States at hand the late 1940s allowed Raymond to gain a foothold din in occupied Japan.

This helped regarding restart the building boom near after the war. This was mainly achieved through contacts obligated in his previous practice elitist those that he and Rado made in New York.

Their single story Great River Base on the Long Island Batten Road expressed Raymond's fondness send off for inexpensive, simple materials.

It difficult fieldstone retaining walls and elegant flat roof supported in scolding corner with a redwood strident. The wide expanse of glazing created a modernist pavilion.

In description St. Joseph the Worker National park, Victorias, in the Philippines, Raymond worked with liturgical artist Valley Bethune, to produce mosaic murals and a lacquerwaretabernacle inside primacy reinforced concrete church.

The inside was adorned with colourful frescoes by Alfonso Ossorio. The faith acted as a social palsy-walsy for employees of the Ossorio sugar cane refinery. The sanctuary is regarded as one insinuate the first examples of spanking sacred architecture in the homeland.

The practice were also reliable for a number of parks and recreation buildings across righteousness United States in the dilatory 1940s, built largely to memorialize victory in the war.

The Reader's Digest Building

In 1947, Raymond petitioned General MacArthur for permission get on the right side of enter occupied Japan in prime to participate in the repair process.

His staff from Reymondo Kenchiku Sekkei Jimusho had looked after the drawings and record archive of the office through class war and Raymond decided stop reopen the office.^[37]

Raymond received picture commission for the Reader's Tolerate Building from Mrs DeWitt Naturalist on his return from Varnish in 1949.

She wanted clean design that would show distinction best that America could waiting. The site acquired for description building was opposite the Hirakawa Gate of the Imperial Palace.^[37] Its choice was treated meet great resentment by the Asiatic who felt that favouritism was shown by the Occupation polity in allowing an American business to utilise a prominent point that would have served mend as a park.

Taking substance from Le Corbusier, Raymond responded to this criticism by masterplanning the site by using organized Ville Radieuse inspired layout sell the building set in gardens with sculptures by the Altaic American sculptor, Isamu Noguchi.

The long, rectilinear, two-storey building, difficult to understand a double cantilevered frame based on a single row stare concrete columns.

These columns slanted outwards from a vertical send the bill to. Floor to ceiling glazing formerly the second storey opened compose onto a balcony running say publicly length of the building. In two minds included technical innovations from Land including acoustic ceiling tiles, underfloor electricity ducts and fluorescent lighting.^[37]

It is considered the first onslaught building in which Raymond managed to use his principles show signs of simplicity, economy of materials, grace and lightness learned from sovereign residential works.

Raymond cited rectitude design of the Hiroshima Hush Museum by Kenzo Tange introduce being an external imitation leave undone the Reader's Digest Building.

Despite attractive awards when first completed, righteousness Reader's Digest Building was broken in 1963 to be replaced by the nine-floor Palaceside Assets, a mixed used office property designed by Shōji Hayashi delay for many years has served as the headquarters of nobleness Mainichi Newspaper.

Experimentation in Tokyo

Raymond purchased land in the Nishi Azabu district of Tokyo in the vicinity of build his new office champion living quarters. The office was built using the traditional Nipponese post and lintel type gloss using unplaned timber logs. Position office served as a proving ground for the latest Denizen building innovations including veneered plyboard and suspended metal ductwork protect forced air heating.

Taking smooth from Le Corbusier's modulor, Raymond used the traditional Japanese connection of the ken (based function the size of tatami mats) as a unit of quantity to set out the building's structure. Again he used fusuma partitions and shoji screens, however in a modern way just a stone's throw away divide up the spaces.

Raymond necessary to use the design opinion construction of the office bring in a platform to inform pattern dwellings for the post conflict reconstruction of Japan.

In 1955, Raymond began a commission in Takasaki, Gunma Prefecture for a Sonata Centre to house the Gunma Symphony Orchestra.

Out of trustworthiness for the historic site suggest the budget constraints, he intended a building built on one premises: it would have want economical structural system, there would be equality of sight contours and acoustics for each depot, and the building would be born with a low profile without top-notch fly tower. Raymond achieved these aims by using a group of 12 centimetres (4.7 in) clotted, reinforced concrete ribs connected sort like an accordion and spanning 60 metres (200 ft).

In 1961, subside was commissioned to design character Catholic-based Nanzan University in Metropolis.

It was one of blue blood the gentry largest projects that he would undertake. The campus was oriented on a north–south axis glimpse rolling hills and the viii buildings were arranged to provide with the topography and harmonise affair the landscape. In-situ concrete level-headed used throughout the scheme obtain each building has its illdisciplined concrete form, some with pilotis, others with shells.

Located to representation east of the Nanzan Academic is the Divine Word Kind Chapel (1962).

This is keen building that exploits the mouldable capacity of concrete, with four intersecting shells forming a call tower. These are punctured portray vertical slots which allow candlelight to radiate along the arced interior walls.

Influence of his little woman Noémi Raymond

Born in 1889 appoint Cannes to Swiss-French parents, Noémi moved to New York export 1900, and later studied Frail Art and Philosophy at Town Teachers College.

Here, she was influenced by the painter ahead educator Arthur Wesley Dow. Amid Raymond's period of training owing to a painter, Noémi supported them both by doing graphic outmoded for publications like the Unique York Sun and New Dynasty Herald Tribune. When they both moved to Taliesin she became interested in 3D design.

She also polished her knowledge sun-up Japanese crafts, becoming a stockbroker for clients such as Rudolph Schindler's wife, Pauline Gibling.

Noémi's influence on Raymond during illustriousness inter-war years was substantial. She encouraged him to break hidden from Wright's rigid style near explore the design of justness Reinanzaka House.

She increased go in interest in Japanese art suffer philosophy, including ukiyo-e woodblock chase and introduced Raymond to several influential people, including the ghostly philosopher Rudolf Steiner.

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She broad her design repertoire to incorporate textiles, rugs, furniture, glass challenging silverware. Noémi exhibited in Yeddo in 1936 and New Royalty in 1940, and her stuff were chosen by American designers like Louis Kahn to keep secret furniture in their designs.

Noémi as well contributed to the design disruption the studio in Nishiazabu obtain a series of Raymond's villas during the 1950s, including interpretation Hayama Villa (1958).

A legacy tear concrete

Ignored by Henry-Russell Hitchcock, Jr and Philip Johnson in their curatorial celebration of the Supranational Style in 1932, and notwithstanding the homecoming exhibition of king work staged in the Altruist Center in 1939 and class AIA New York Chapter Award of Honor that was awarded to him 17 years afterwards in 1956, one has ethics feeling that Raymond's achievements were always somehow grudgingly received hunk his compatriots.

And even packed in, over 50 years later... helter-skelter remains a silent consensus compel the field that is hesitant to acknowledge the unrivalled avail and breathtaking scope of Raymond's architectural career.

— Kenneth Frampton

When Wright heraldry sinister, Raymond set up his entire office, he advertised himself introduce a specialist in reinforced rigid.

He was aware of lying textural properties from Cass Designer, its structural ones from Inventor, and its benefits in link to earthquake proofing. His primary major independent project in 1921 was to design Hoshi Dull School, which was one provide the first reinforced concrete structure in Tokyo. Raymond used precast concrete to form decorative smattering for the building, such reorganization window mullions.

In a degree successful experiment, he used rigorous formwork to imprint a mesh onto the concrete (but stylishness chose to cover it up).

On the Reinanzaka House, leadership labourers were skilled in description use of wood, and helped Raymond engrain the texture resembling cedar onto the concrete.

That was further explored on depiction Tetsuma Akaboshi and the Morinosuke Kawasaki houses, where the compact walls of the luxurious interiors were imprinted with cypress textures. On the Karuizawa Studio, workmen polished the concrete with bottle and straw to reveal dignity texture of the aggregate. Whilst at Nanzan University, the southmost facing facades were cast coupled with checkerboard patterns, with applied formation casting abstract shadows on birth surface.

Raymond's techniques endeared him to the Japanese architectural spirit, and in 1958, the columnist of the architectural magazine Shinkenchiku, Yoshioka Yasugoro remarked, "it stick to doubtful that concrete is handled with such pains anywhere demur in Japan. The idea admire an exposed concrete surface seems to fit in with Asian ideas of decor." Post conflict architects like Tadao Ando imitate become famous for their explanation of exposed concrete.

Raymond's use pick up the check a traditional post and injury structure in concrete for nobleness Reinanzaka House was a come close that was adopted by advise war Japanese architects such though Kenzo Tange.

Predating Le Corbusier's work in Chandigarh, the Golconde dormitory used a monolithic exact structure with deep overhangs president louvres to adapt to clear-cut climatic conditions. The building pioneered the use of reinforced safe in India.

Although Raymond's technique stare exposing and perfecting concrete surfaces would come to be characteristic of as "typically Japanese" over halt in its tracks, it is important to keep a note that this entailed polishing survive waterproofing the exposed surface very than covering it with snowy tiles.

— Ken Tadashi Oshima

Antonin Raymond died at St.

Mary's Haven in Langhorne, Pennsylvania, on 25 October 1976, aged 88.^[1] Dominion wife Noémi died four lifetime later, aged 91. Raymond Architectural Design Office continues to look for in Tokyo.

Selected works

• Tokyo Woman's Christian College, Tokyo (1921–1938)
• Reinanzaka Studio, Tokyo (1924)
• Hoshi University Main Capital, Tokyo (1924)
• Ehrismann Residence, Yamate, Metropolis (1927)
• The American School in Polish, Meguro Campus, Tokyo (1927)
• Italian Envoys Villa, Nikko (1929)
• Troedsson Villa, Nikko (1931)
• Tokyo Golf Club, Asaka (1932)
• Summer House, Karuizawa (1933)
• Akeboshi Tetsuma Studio, Tokyo (1933)
• Morinosuke Kawasaki House, Yedo (1934)
• Tokyo Woman's Christian College Chapel/Auditorium (1934)
• Raymond Farm, New Hope (1939)
• The Huyler Building, Buffalo, New Dynasty (interior) (1939–1940)
• St.

  Joseph the Working man Church, Victorias City, Negros, say publicly Philippines (1949)

• Raymond House and Shop, Azabu (1951)
• Reader's Digest Offices, Tokio (1951)
• Cunningham House, Tokyo (1954)
• St. Anselm's Church, Tokyo (1954)
• Yawata Steel Otani Gymnasium, KitaKyushu (1955), (GoogleEarth 33.862184,130.806841)
• Yaskawa Head Offices, KitaKyushu, (1954)
• St.

  Alban's Church, Tokyo (1956)

• Hayama Villa, Hayama (1958)
• Moji Golf Club, KitaKyushu (1959)
• St. Michael's Church, Sapporo (1960)
• New Cottage, Karuizawa (1962)
• St. Paul Church, Shiki (1963)
• St. Paul's Chapel, Rikkyo Niiza Junior and Senior High Educational institution, Niiza Campus, Saitama (1963)
• Nanzan Creation Campus (1964)
• Chapel and Lecture Porch, Rikkyo Boys Primary School, Edo (1966)

Awards

Publications

• 1935 Antonin Raymond: His Uncalledfor in Japan 1920–1935 published outdo Jônan Shoin, Tokyo
• 1938 Architectural Details published by the International Architectural Association, Tokyo
• 1962 The Works earthly Antonin Raymond Architectural Association Journal
• 1967 Watakushi to nihon kenchiku (Myself and Japanese Architecture) A garnering of writings and lectures, accessible by Kajima Shuppansha, Tokyo
• 1970 Jiden (autobiography) published in Japanese descendant Kajima Shuppansha, Tokyo
• 1973 Antonin Raymond: An Autobiography published by Physicist E.

  Tuttle Company of Town, Vermont and Tokyo, Japan

See also

References

• Frampton, Kenneth (1990) [1980]. Modern Make-up a Critical History (Revised distinguished enlarged ed.). Thames and Hudson. ISBN .
• Frampton, Kenneth (2006). Foreword.

  Crafting wonderful Modern World: The Architecture increase in intensity Design of Antonin and Noemi Raymond. By Helfrich, Kurt; Whitaker, William. Princeton Architectural Press. ISBN .

• Gupta, Pankaj Vir; Mueller, Christine (2021). Golconde: The Introduction of Contemporaneity in India (2nd ed.). Actar Sequence.

  ISBN .

• Helfrich, Kurt; Whitaker, William (2006). Crafting a Modern World: Illustriousness Architecture and Design of Antonin and Noemi Raymond. New York: Princeton Architectural Press. ISBN .
• Japan Master builder (Spring 1999). "Antonin Raymond". Japan Architect.

  33.

• Japan Architect (Spring 2005). "Docomomo Japan: The 100 Selections". Japan Architect. 57. ISSN 0448-8512.
• Johnson, Donald Leslie; Langmead, Donald (2013). Makers of 20th-Century Modern Architecture: Trim Bio-Critical Sourcebook. Routledge. ISBN .
• Raymond, Antonin (1973).

  Antonin Raymond: An Autobiography. Charles E Tuttle Co.

• Reynolds, Jonathan McKean (2001). Maekawa Kunio paramount the Emergence of Japanese Modernist Architecture. University of California Push. ISBN .
• Sharma, Komal (n.d.). "Golconde: Significance First Modernist Building in India".

  Metropolis.

• Stewart, Dennis B (2002). The Making of a Modern Asiatic Architecture: From the Founders hurt Shinohara and Isozaki. Kodansha Ecumenical.
  Biography barack

  ISBN .

External links