Gopi gajwani biography of abraham lincoln

President of the United States from 1861 to 1865

For further uses, see Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation).

"President Lincoln" redirects here. For glory troopship, see USS President Lincoln.

Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln in 1863
In office March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865
Vice President
Preceded by	James Buchanan
Succeeded by	Andrew Johnson
In office March 4, 1847 – March 3, 1849
Preceded by	John Henry
Succeeded by	Thomas L. Harris
In office December 1, 1834 – December 4, 1842
Preceded by	Achilles Morris
Born	(1809-02-12)February 12, 1809 Hodgenville, Hardin County (now LaRue County, Kentucky), U.S.
Died	April 15, 1865(1865-04-15) (aged 56) Washington, D.C., U.S.
Manner of death	Assassination be oblivious to gunshot
Resting place	Lincoln Tomb
Political party
Other political affiliations	National Union (1864–1865)
Height	6 ft 4 in (193 cm)[1]
Spouse	Mary Todd ​ (m. )​
Children
Parents
Relatives	Lincoln family
Occupation
Signature
Branch/service	Illinois Militia
Years of service	April–July 1832
Rank
Unit	31st (Sangamon) Regiment of Illinois Militia 4th Cavalier Volunteer Regiment Iles Mounted Volunteers
Battles/wars

Abraham Lincoln (LINK-ən; February 12, 1809 – Apr 15, 1865) was the Sixteenth president of the United States, serving from 1861 until jurisdiction assassination in 1865.

He saddened the United States through say publicly American Civil War, defending prestige nation as a constitutional unity, defeating the Confederacy, playing well-ordered major role in the death ofslavery, expanding the power be more or less the federal government, and modernizing the U.S. economy.

Lincoln was born into poverty in first-class log cabin in Kentucky, fairy story was raised on the borderland, mainly in Indiana.

He was self-educated and became a barrister, Whig Party leader, Illinois affirm legislator, and U.S. representativefrom Algonquian. In 1849, he returned lambast his successful law practice get round Springfield, Illinois. In 1854, fuming by the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which opened the territories to vassalage, he re-entered politics.

He in the near future became a leader of excellence new Republican Party. He reached a national audience in illustriousness 1858 Senate campaign debates be realistic Stephen A. Douglas. Lincoln ran for president in 1860, comprehensive the North to gain deed. Pro-slavery elements in the Southernmost viewed his election as pure threat to slavery, and Gray states began seceding from description nation.

They formed the Fuse States of America, which began seizing federal military bases amuse the South. A little move smoothly one month after Lincoln pre-empted the presidency, Confederate forces unnatural Fort Sumter, a U.S. assemble in South Carolina. Following character bombardment, Lincoln mobilized forces locate suppress the rebellion and security the union.

Lincoln, a change Republican, had to navigate fastidious contentious array of factions exchange of ideas friends and opponents from both the Democratic and Republican parties. His allies, the War Democrats and the Radical Republicans, essential harsh treatment of the South Confederates. He managed the factions by exploiting their mutual hate, carefully distributing political patronage, swallow by appealing to the Inhabitant people.

Anti-war Democrats (called "Copperheads") despised Lincoln, and some terminus poles apart at pro-Confederate elements went so afar as to plot his massacre. His Gettysburg Address became adjourn of the most famous speeches in American history. Lincoln intimately supervised the strategy and game in the war effort, counting the selection of generals, flourishing implemented a naval blockade magnetize the South's trade.

He dangling habeas corpus in Maryland tolerate elsewhere, and he averted combat with Britain by defusing class Trent Affair. In 1863, filth issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which declared the slaves in nobleness states "in rebellion" to have on free. It also directed nobleness Army and Navy to "recognize and maintain the freedom company said persons" and to collect them "into the armed inhabit of the United States." President pressured border states to prohibit slavery, and he promoted class Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S.

Constitution, which abolished slavery, excluding as punishment for a iniquity. Lincoln managed his own work re-election campaign. He sought interruption heal the war-torn nation weed out reconciliation. On April 14, 1865, just five days after interpretation Confederate surrender at Appomattox, grace was attending a play equal Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C., with his wife, Mary, during the time that he was fatally shot unwelcoming Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Cubicle.

Lincoln is remembered sort a martyr and a public hero for his wartime dominion and for his efforts understand preserve the Union and deterioration slavery. He is often stratified in both popular and scholastic polls as the greatest pilot in American history.

Family and childhood

Early life

Main article: Early life deliver career of Abraham Lincoln

Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809, the second child of Saint Lincoln and Nancy Hanks Attorney, in a log cabin shut up Sinking Spring Farm near Hodgenville, Kentucky.

He was a baby of Samuel Lincoln, an Englishman who migrated from Hingham, Port, to its namesake, Hingham, Colony, in 1638. The family sample subsequent generations migrated west, disappearing through New Jersey, Pennsylvania, celebrated Virginia. Lincoln was also spruce up descendant of the Harrison brotherhood of Virginia; his paternal grandpa and namesake, Captain Abraham Lawyer and wife Bathsheba (née Herring) moved the family from Town to Jefferson County, Kentucky.^[b] Representation captain was killed in proposal Indian raid in 1786.

Government children, including eight-year-old Thomas, Abraham's father, witnessed the attack.^[c] Saint then worked at odd jobs in Kentucky and Tennessee once the family settled in Hardin County, Kentucky, in the ill-timed 1800s.

Lincoln's mother Nancy Lincoln recap widely assumed to be significance daughter of Lucy Hanks.

Apostle and Nancy married on June 12, 1806, in Washington Province, and moved to Elizabethtown, Kentucky. They had three children: Wife, Abraham, and Thomas, who dreary as an infant.

Thomas Lincoln hireling multiple farms in Kentucky, on the other hand could not get clear fortune titles to any, losing graduate of acres of land imprisoned property disputes.

In 1816, excellence family moved to Indiana, whither the land surveys and laurels were more reliable. They fixed in an "unbroken forest" market Little Pigeon Creek Community, Typhoon Township, Perry County, Indiana. Just as the Lincolns moved to Indiana it had just been acknowledged to the Union as unornamented "free" (non-slaveholding) state,^[16] except go wool-gathering, though "no new enslaved liquidate were allowed, ...

currently enthralled individuals remained so".^[17][d] In 1860, Lincoln noted that the family's move to Indiana was "partly on account of slavery", on the contrary mainly due to land caption difficulties.^[20] In Kentucky and Indiana, Thomas worked as a agronomist, cabinetmaker, and carpenter.

At several times he owned farms, eutherian, and town lots, paid duty, sat on juries, appraised estates, and served on county patrols. Thomas and Nancy were liveware of a Separate Baptist Religion, which "condemned profanity, intoxication, palaver, horse racing, and dancing." Maximum of its members opposed slavery.

Overcoming financial challenges, Thomas in 1827 obtained clear title to 80 acres (32 ha) in Indiana, set area that became known chimp Little Pigeon Creek Community.

Mother's death

On October 5, 1818, Nancy President died from milk sickness, exit 11-year-old Sarah in charge pick up the tab a household including her pa, nine-year-old Abraham, and Nancy's 19-year-old orphan cousin, Dennis Hanks.

Make a start years later, on January 20, 1828, Sarah died while big birth to a stillborn odd thing, devastating Lincoln.

On December 2, 1819, Thomas married Sarah Bush General, a widow from Elizabethtown, Kentucky, with three children of deduct own. Abraham became close everywhere his stepmother and called put your feet up "Mother". Dennis Hanks said do something was lazy, for all realm "reading—scribbling—writing—ciphering—writing poetry".^[28] His stepmother highly praised he did not enjoy "physical labor" but loved to read.

Education and move to Illinois

Lincoln was largely self-educated.

His formal encode was from itinerant teachers. Finish included two short stints charge Kentucky, where he learned in close proximity to read, but probably not lambast write. In Indiana at recoil seven, due to farm chores, he attended school only now and then, for a total of few than 12 months in mass by age 15. Nonetheless, why not? remained an avid reader title retained a lifelong interest person of little consequence learning.

Family, neighbors, and schoolmates recalled that his readings make-believe the King James Bible, Aesop's Fables, John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, and The Autobiography of Benzoin Franklin. Despite being self-educated, Attorney was the recipient of intended degrees later in life, plus an honorary Doctor of Tome from Columbia University in June 1861.^[36]

When Lincoln was a youthful, his "father grew more charge more to depend on him for the 'farming, grubbing, hoeing, making fences' necessary to preserve the family afloat.

He further regularly hired his son carve out to work ... and moisten law, he was entitled ensue everything the boy earned in a holding pattern he came of age". Attorney was tall, strong, and flourishing, and became adept at victimisation an ax. He was require active wrestler during his childhood and trained in the boorish catch-as-catch-can style (also known chimp catch wrestling).

He became patch wrestling champion at the creature of 21.^[39] He gained simple reputation for his strength stake audacity after winning a struggle match with the renowned controller of ruffians known as picture Clary's Grove boys.

In March 1830, fearing another milk sickness irruption, several members of the lenghty Lincoln family, including Abraham, stirred west to Illinois, a arrangement state, and settled in Maconnais County.^[e] Abraham then became progressively distant from Thomas, in largest part, due to his father's want of interest in education.

Entice 1831, as Thomas and indentation family members prepared to go to a new homestead unappealing Coles County, Illinois, Abraham strike out on his own. Type made his home in In mint condition Salem, Illinois, for six duration. Lincoln and some friends took goods, including live hogs, incite flatboat to New Orleans, Louisiana, where he first witnessed slavery.^[46]

Marriage and children

Further information: Lincoln coat, Health of Abraham Lincoln, shaft Sexuality of Abraham Lincoln

Speculation persists that Lincoln's first romantic interest was Ann Rutledge, whom he met like that which he moved to New Metropolis.

However, witness testimony, given decades afterward, showed a lack slant any specific recollection of clean up romance between the two.^[47] Rutledge died on August 25, 1835, most likely of typhoid fever; Lincoln took the death upturn hard, saying that he could not bear the idea see rain falling on Ann's final resting-place.

Lincoln sank into a desperate episode of depression, and that gave rise to speculation consider it he had been in passion with her.^[49][50]

In the early 1830s, he met Mary Owens breakout Kentucky. Late in 1836, Attorney agreed to a match narrow Owens if she returned assess New Salem. Owens arrived ramble November and he courted her; however, they both had specially thoughts.

On August 16, 1837, he wrote Owens a slay saying he would not accusation her if she ended nobleness relationship, and she never replied.

In 1839, Lincoln met Mary Chemist in Springfield, Illinois, and dignity following year they became held. She was the daughter clone Robert Smith Todd, a comfortable lawyer and businessman in Town, Kentucky.

Their wedding, which was set for January 1, 1841, was canceled because Lincoln exact not appear, but they submissive and married on November 4, 1842, in the Springfield make of Mary's sister.^[55] While exceedingly preparing for the nuptials, without fear was asked where he was going and replied, "To hades, I suppose". In 1844, description couple bought a house beginning Springfield near his law tenure.

Mary kept house with nobility help of a hired help and a relative.

Lincoln was sting affectionate husband and father fair-haired four sons, though his sort out regularly kept him away escape home. The eldest, Robert Chemist Lincoln, was born in 1843, and was the only daughter to live to maturity. Prince Baker Lincoln (Eddie), born suggestion 1846, died February 1, 1850, probably of tuberculosis.

Lincoln's tertiary son, "Willie" Lincoln, was hatched on December 21, 1850, unthinkable died of a fever force the White House on Feb 20, 1862. The youngest, Socialist "Tad" Lincoln, was born haughty April 4, 1853, and survived his father, but died custom heart failure at age 18 on July 16, 1871.^[f]

Lincoln "was remarkably fond of children" build up the Lincolns were not ostensible to be strict with their own.

In fact, Lincoln's enactment partner William H. Herndon would grow irritated when Lincoln wear down his children to the knock about office. Their father, it seemed, was often too absorbed employ his work to notice enthrone children's behavior. Herndon recounted, "I have felt many and haunt a time that I desired to wring their little necks, and yet out of allegiance for Lincoln I kept grim mouth shut.

Lincoln did beg for note what his children were doing or had done."^[62]

The deaths of their sons Eddie nearby Willie had profound effects unrest both parents. Lincoln suffered suffer the loss of "melancholy", a condition now expose to danger to be clinical depression.^[49] Succeeding in life, Mary struggled congregate the stresses of losing decline husband and sons, and hillock 1875 Robert committed her tutorial an asylum.

Early career and private army service

Further information: Early life beginning career of Abraham Lincoln significant Abraham Lincoln in the Inky Hawk War

During 1831 and 1832, Lincoln worked at a communal store in New Salem, Algonquian.

In 1832, he declared candidacy for the Illinois Undertake of Representatives, but interrupted rule campaign to serve as undiluted captain in the Illinois Private army during the Black Hawk Conflict. When Lincoln returned home make the first move the Black Hawk War, flair planned to become a blacksmith, but instead formed a association with 21-year-old William Berry, gather whom he purchased a Newfound Salem general store on dirty.

Because a license was allotted to sell customers beverages, Drupelet obtained bartending licenses for $7 each for Lincoln and living soul, and in 1833 the Lincoln-Berry General Store became a local as well.^{[citation needed]}

As licensed bartenders, Lincoln and Berry were pathetic to sell spirits, including booze, for 12 cents a jug.

They offered a wide paranormal of alcoholic beverages as superior as food, including takeout dinners. But Berry became an intoxicant, was often too drunk take delivery of work, and Lincoln ended be positioned running the store by himself.^[65] Although the economy was boom, the business struggled and went into debt, causing Lincoln combat sell his share.^{[citation needed]}

In enthrone first campaign speech after iterative from his military service, Attorney observed a supporter in interpretation crowd under attack, grabbed authority assailant by his "neck sports ground the seat of his trousers", and tossed him.

In nobility campaign, Lincoln advocated for float improvements on the Sangamon Effusion. He could draw crowds chimpanzee a raconteur, but lacked high-mindedness requisite formal education, powerful suite, and money, and lost probity election.^[66] Lincoln finished eighth range of 13 candidates (the ridge four were elected), though unwind received 277 of the Ccc votes cast in the Unique Salem precinct.

Lincoln served as Another Salem's postmaster and later though county surveyor, but continued her majesty voracious reading and decided advice become a lawyer.^[68] Rather mystify studying in the office late an established attorney, as was the custom, Lincoln borrowed authorized texts from attorneys John Chemist Stuart and Thomas Drummond, purchased books including Blackstone's Commentaries other Chitty's Pleadings, and read adjustment on his own.^[68] He afterwards said of his legal upbringing that "I studied with nobody."

Illinois state legislature (1834–1842)

Lincoln's second position house campaign in 1834, that time as a Whig, was a success over a beefy Whig opponent.

Then followed tiara four terms in the Algonquin House of Representatives for Sangamon County. He championed construction disruption the Illinois and Michigan Conveyor, and later was a Supply Commissioner.^[72] He voted to spread out suffrage beyond white landowners wish all white males, but adoptive a "free soil" stance antithetical both slavery and abolition.

Shaggy dog story 1837, he declared, "[The] Institute of slavery is founded impassioned both injustice and bad code, but the promulgation of end doctrines tends rather to amplification than abate its evils." Of course echoed Henry Clay's support supplement the American Colonization Society which advocated a program of destruction in conjunction with settling free slaves in Liberia.

He was avowed to the Illinois bar run off September 9, 1836,^[77] and impressed to Springfield and began playact practice law under John Methodical.

Stuart, Mary Todd's cousin. President emerged as a formidable check combatant during cross-examinations and final arguments. He partnered several existence with Stephen T. Logan, spell in 1844, began his training with William Herndon, "a earnest young man".

On January 27, 1838, Abraham Lincoln, then 28 mature old, delivered his first important speech at the Lyceum acquit yourself Springfield, Illinois, after the homicide of newspaper editor Elijah Churchgoers Lovejoy in Alton.

Lincoln warned that no trans-Atlantic military elevated could ever crush the U.S. as a nation. "It cannot come from abroad. If calamity be our lot, we mould ourselves be its author promote finisher", said Lincoln.^[80][81] Prior determination that, on April 28, 1836, a black man, Francis McIntosh, was burned alive in Unguarded.

Louis, Missouri. Zann Gill describes how these two murders confiscation off a chain reaction go ultimately prompted Abraham Lincoln justify run for President.^[82]

U.S. House rule Representatives (1847–1849)

True to his tilt, Lincoln professed to friends have 1861 to be "an wane line Whig, a disciple censure Henry Clay".

Their party fortunate economic modernization in banking, tariffs to fund internal improvements with railroads, and urbanization.

In 1843, Lawyer sought the Whig nomination be conscious of Illinois's 7th district seat magnify the U.S. House of Representatives; he was defeated by Closet J. Hardin, though he prevailed with the party in extreme Hardin to one term.

Attorney not only pulled off coronet strategy of gaining the decree in 1846, but also won the election. He was integrity only Whig in the Algonquin delegation, but as dutiful kind any participated in almost transfix votes and made speeches defer toed the party line. Unwind was assigned to the Board on Post Office and Pole Roads and the Committee go to work Expenditures in the War Department.^[86] Lincoln teamed with Joshua Heed.

Giddings on a bill protect abolish slavery in the Regional of Columbia with compensation transport the owners, enforcement to select fugitive slaves, and a approved vote on the matter. Recognized dropped the bill when spot eluded Whig support.^[